1 Peter
The early church fathers unanimously agreed that the Apostle Peter wrote
this epistle as he claimed in the letter to the five Roman provinces in
Asia Minor, modern-day Turkey. The contents of the epistle reveal that Peter wrote it at a time when
persecution against Christians was on the rise in Rome and one of the main
purposes for writing this epistle was to admonish believers how to live among a
secular world in the midst of suffering. It is generally believed that he wrote this between the years 60-62 A.D.
(i.e. before his martyrdom in the hands of Nero), in Babylon (5:13). Babylon should be a symbol for Rome, because it was still an uninhabited ruin
at the time (TNTC, 33) and is used in Revelation 16:19; 17:5; 18:2 to refer to
Rome. Based on the location of these
provinces in the north-east corner of Asia Minor and the contents of the
epistle, it is quite obvious that the recipients were mostly Gentiles.
1:1-2—Greetings
(1) See if you can recall:
(2) In writing to his recipients, what did he call them? How significant was this address applied to those who “were not a people” of God (2:10)?
(3) See if you can look up these provinces in a map of the NT: Why did Peter call them “exiles”?
(4) Which part does each of the “Three Persons” of the Triune God play in their election?
1:3-12—Glorious Salvation —Peter begins his letter (after the greetings) by reminding his recipients of the preciousness of salvation in Christ.
(5) Why does he begin with praise and to whom is it for? (v. 3)
(6) In pointing out that this salvation is God’s great mercy, Peter says we are born again into two things — what are they? (vv. 3-4)
(7) Why does he call our salvation a living hope?
(8) The OT speaks of the Promised Land of Canaan as Israel’s “inheritance” (e.g. Num. 26:54):
- Is now shielded by God’s power?
- And is ready to be revealed in the last time? (see Rom. 13:11ff; 8:23ff)
(9) Living in the “now and not yet” (vv. 6-9) — while we have this living hope and inheritance, we still suffer all kinds of trials.
(10) The mystery of Christ’s saving work (vv. 10-12)
- Who inspired them to prophesy? (v. 11)
- What did they know about this plan of salvation?
- In spite of their intense search, what didn’t they know about it?
- Who inspired them to preach the gospel?
- What does this say about the angels?
- What does this say about the mystery of the mercy and love of God?
(11) What is the main message to you today and how may you apply it to your life?
“Even angels long to look into these things.” (1 Pet. 1:12)
Although Peter had not written as many epistles as Paul, I find it rather attractive to read his epistles because of who he was.
Among the twelve disciples, he was part of Jesus’ inner circle. He was privileged enough to see Jesus’ transfiguration on the mountain, and he was among those who were closest to Jesus in His struggle in the Garden of Gethsemane, not to mention that he was the one who denied his Lord three times as He was tried in the courtyard of the High Priest.
No wonder he burst into praise to God as he began his exhortation, referring to our new birth in Christ as God’s great mercy. Indeed, he experienced it first-hand. It is a mercy that he did not deserve; it is a mercy bestowed upon us through the sufferings of Christ (v. 11); and it is a mercy that even “angels long to look into these things” (v. 12)
Of all created beings, we would imagine that the angels would be privileged to this plan of salvation from start to finish, after all, some of them were sent to announce part of this plan to the prophets (like Gabriel bearing words of prophecies to Daniel in Dan. 9:22 ff); some of them were sent to announce Christ’s birth to the shepherds (Lk. 2:8 ff) and some were sent to announce Christ’s resurrection to the women (Matt. 28:1 ff). Of course, many angels took part in revealing matters concerning the end-time to the Apostle John (Rev.). In other words, angels have taken a very active part not only in the announcing but also in the bringing about of the salvation work of God through Christ, and yet Peter says, “Even angels long to look into these things” (v. 12).
I believe angels are not like the OT prophets, who sought to “find out the time and circumstances” about “the sufferings of the Messiah and the glories that would follow” (v. 11), but rather, even though the angels have known it all along, they still fail to fully understand why God would send His Beloved Son to die for sinners like us:
- Imagine their awe in learning about the plan of God in sending His Son to save the world;- Imagine their excitement in seeing the birth of Christ as a babe in a manger;
- Imagine their horror in witnessing the death of Christ on the cross; and
- Imagine their elation at the resurrection of Christ defeating both sin and death!
They may know the entire process of God’s plan of salvation, but they can never comprehend “how wide and long and high and deep is the love of Christ” (Eph. 3:18-19), and neither can we!
(1) As a result of our being born again into a living hope and an eternal inheritance (vv. 3-4), Peter now urges us (i) to hope and (ii) to become holy (vv. 13-16).
- What will cause our minds not to be alert and fully sober? (“alert” means to “gird the loins of our minds” in the original language)
- What does “set our hope on” mean? (i.e. how can we do that?)
- Where do you set your hope on today?
- What are the reasons given in vv. 14-16?
- What does it have to do with us being “obedient children”?
- What does it have to do with the fact that the One who called us is holy?
- Are you an obedient child who is (becoming) holy in all you do?
(2) Apart from reminding us that the One (the Father) who called us is holy, Peter also reminds us to live out (or rather “pass our time”) in fear of the Father.
(3) Peter points out that as we have obeyed the gospel truth, we have effectively purified our souls (v. 22).
(4) What is the main message to you today and how may you apply it to your life?
“Therefore, with minds that are alert and fully sober, set your hope on the grace to be brought to you when Jesus Christ is revealed at His coming.” (1 Pet. 1:13)
In urging us to be holy (1:15), and to pass our time of sojourning in reverent fear of the Father (1:17), Peter repeatedly refers to the hope, the “living hope” that marks our new birth in Christ (1:3, 13, 21).
Indeed, where we set our hope in this
earthly sojourning dictates whether we can
- become “holy in all we do” (1:15)
- live in reverent fear of the Father and
- even love one another deeply (1:22).
Our hopes express the deepest longings of our hearts and, consciously or subconsciously, they determine our goals in life. As a result Peter reminds us that before our new birth
- Our hopes were conditioned by our “evil desire” when we lived in ignorance (1:14) and- Our goals were set on “perishable things”, especially on silver and gold, as if they were able to “redeem” us (1:18).
But, since we are born again into the “living hope” and have our eternal, unperishable inheritance (1:3-4):
- Our hope is now set “on the grace to be brought to us when Jesus Christ is revealed at His coming” (1:13). In other words,
- Our lives should be marked by our longing for the soon appearance of Christ’s coming which is the source of our joy even in sufferings (1:6);
- We should strive to become holy and live in fear of Him, not only because the One who called us is holy (1:15-16), but also because He will judge us impartially when Christ appears (v.17); and thus
- Our goal is not set on anything earthly
- Because our sojourn here is as grass and flowers (1:24); and
- We certainly will not pursue or rely on gold and silver which will perish (1:18), but obey and live on the eternal and living “Word of God” (1:23)
All this is fine, except how can we truly live out his hope? The Apostle Peter gives us two important and practical instructions in 1:13:
2:1-3—Facts of Life of All New-born
(1) How does Peter describe those who have just been born again in Christ? (v. 2)
(2) What should these babies in Christ do and for what purpose? (v. 2)
(3) What should be the incentive for craving pure spiritual milk? (v. 3)
(4) What does the word “crave” suggest to you?
(5) What is “pure spiritual milk”?
(6) What is its opposite? (v. 1)
(7) Why does Peter emphasize “all” and every kind?
(8) Of this long list of things that we should not crave, but be rid of, with which do you still struggle?
2:4-5—Purpose Greater Than the Individual New-birth
(9) Apart from likening us to “newborn babies”, what else does Peter liken us to? (v. 5)
(10) How did we become “living stones” (v. 4)
(11) Peter points out that the collective purpose of all believers is to be built into a spiritual house, i.e. God’s temple (v. 5).
2:6-8—Christ, the Corner Stone of This Temple—Peter uses three separate OT passages to point out the truth that NT believers (i.e. the Church) are the spiritual temple of God. This is a brand new concept:
(12) Isaiah 28:16—Who is the one laying this cornerstone and for whom is it laid? (v. 6)
(13) Psalm 118:22—How is this prophecy fulfilled? (v. 7, see Acts 4:11-12)
(14) Isaiah 8:14—Who are the ones who stumble because of this cornerstone? (v. 8; see Rom. 9:31-33)
2:9-10—More Than God’s Temple
(15) How does v. 10 suggest that Peter is talking mainly about Gentile believers?
(16) V. 9 is borrowed from Exodus 19:5-6:
a. Who was Israel to the Lord?
b. Although God had already appointed some of the Levites as priests:
- How were they to function as a “kingdom of priests”?
- How and why should they live out the reality of a “holy nation”?
c. Now as the “new” Chosen People of God: (v. 9)
- Although God has also appointed some to be pastors and elders, how and why should we, as a church, live out the reality of a “royal priesthood” and a “holy nation”?
- What does being “God’s special possession” mean to you?
(17) What is the main message to you today and how may you apply it to your life?
“Once you were not a people, but now you are the people of God; once you had not received mercy, but now you have received mercy.” (1 Pet. 2:10)
Jesus prophesied about the destruction and the rebuilding of the temple in Jerusalem after His first cleansing of the temple in John 2, and in the process He was foretelling His own death and resurrection. The Apostle John testifies that the disciples did not really understand what Jesus was saying, not until “He was raised from the dead” (Jn. 2:22). While they have come to understand Jesus is the very temple of God through His dwelling among us and the teaching about the church (including all Gentile believers), it was indeed an epoch-breaking truth "that He Himself is the very temple of God and by His dwelling within us, we too become the temple of God." Allow me to share with you Wayne Grudem’s comment in this respect:
“The long history of God’s dwelling place among His people finds New Testament fulfillment in the people of God themselves. The glory of God, the visible evidence of His presence among His people, had led the people out of Egypt as a pillar of cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night (Exod. 13:21-22). God’s glory had filled the tabernacle under Moses (Exod. 33:8-13; 40:34-38), and had later filled Solomon’s temple (1 Ki. 8:10-11). But it had departed from the temple, in the time of Ezekiel, because of the sins of the people (Ezek. 10:4, 18-19; 11:23). Of the temple built after the return from exile God promised that ‘The latter glory of this house shall be greater than the former’ (Hag. 2:9), but His glory had never descended to fill it as it had filled the temple under Solomon. The faithful in Israel then waited over 400 years for the fulfillment of Malachi’s prophecy, ‘The Lord whom you seek will suddenly come to his temple’ (Mal. 3:1).
“The fulfillment of this prophecy was witnessed by righteous Simeon and Anna when Mary and Joseph brought to the Jerusalem temple the infant Jesus (Lk. 2:22-38), the Savior who was ‘the Messiah, the Lord’ (Lk. 2:11, NASB mg. and NIV mg.). His presence was the greater glory of that temple (Lk. 19:47-48), but He also brought its judgment and word of its destruction (Jn. 2:13-17; Lk. 21:5-6), for His own body was the greater and more perfect temple of God (Jn. 2:19-21), the one in whom ‘all the fullness of God was pleased to dwell’ (Col. 1:19). Thus, John could say of Jesus’ life, ‘The Word became flesh and dwelt [literally, ‘tented or ‘tabernacled’] among us, full of grace and truth; we have beheld His glory, glory as of the only Son from the Father' (Jn. 1:14). In the New Testament Jesus Himself is the new and better temple of God, the dwelling place of men.
"However, after Pentecost, the dwelling place of God is not only Jesus Himself, but also his people. He promises to be in the midst of them (Matt. 18:20), to be with them always (Matt. 28.20) and says that He Himself, together with the Father and Holy Spirit, will dwell within His people (Jn. 14:17, 23). So now in in the church age the people of God are the true temple of God, the place where God dwells.”
(TNCT, 1 Peter, 102-3)
From here onward, Peter focuses on giving instruction on ethical issues that confront believers in the secular world:
2:11-12—Life as Sojourners and Aliens
(1) Abstain from sinful desires
a. How do sinful desires wage war against your soul?
b. With this admonition:
- Does it mean that it is do-able?
- How?
(2) "Live such good lives"
a. How will our good deeds glorify God before pagans?
b. When? (See note below)
2:13-17—Admonition to Submit to Human Authority
(3) What reason is given for submission to human authority? (v. 14; see Rom. 13:1)
(4) What does it mean by “for the Lord’s sake”?
(5) Should there be any exceptions? (See Exod. 1:17; Dan. 3:13-18; 6:10-24; Acts 4: 18-20; 5:27-29; Heb. 11:23.)
(6) Peter urges us “to live as servants of God" (v. 16). How? (v. 17)
(7) How can God use our good deeds? (v. 15)
2:18-25—Admonition to Slaves
(8) To what extent should slaves submit to their masters? (v. 18)
(9) Why? (vv. 19-20)
(10) Using Christ as the example (vv. 21-25),
(11) What is the main message to you today and how may you apply it to your life?
Note:
Day of visitation may refer the day of God’s judgment or the time when non-believers who persecute believers come to Christ (Matt. 5:16).
“Live such good lives among the pagans that, though they accuse you of doing wrong, they may see your good deeds and glorify God on the day He visits us.” (1 Pet. 2:12)
There were several brothers and sisters from the same family who left their home and pursued their education in North America. I was privileged to have come across them during a door-to-door visitation. Since then we were able to begin a Bible study small group for them and some neighboring believers, and eventually one by one they came to accept Jesus as their Lord and Savior.
Their parents were not believers and, from time to time, would come and visit them. After these siblings came to Christ, the parents were not very happy about them being Christians, fearing that they would not do well in school with all the church activities and that they would not respect and honor them as parents. The father, in particular, had some harsh words about their beliefs. However, not only did they continue to get involved in church ministries, but they also continued to show respect and honor to the parents, and do their best in their studies.
After some years, one day the father of these children asked to see me, and when he approached me, he reached out his hand to me and said, “Pastor, I want to thank you for teaching my kids.” Of course, I could not take any credit at all, but I could really see that the good behavior of his children had caused their father to give glory to God.
This reminds me about what Jesus says in the Sermon on the Mount: “In the same way, let your light shine before others, that they may see your good deeds and glorify your Father in heaven.” (Matt. 5:16)
3:1-6—Admonition to Wives
(1) Peter urges wives to submit to their husbands saying, “in the same way”: What is he referring to?
(2) Why does he specify that the submission is to her “own” husband?
(3) It appears that some (and perhaps many) of the believing wives have non-believing husbands: What is the added importance to their submission? (vv. 1-2)
(4) What do purity and reverence have to do with submission? (v. 2)
(5) Is outward adornment necessarily wrong? Why or why not? (v. 3)
(6) What is the value of the inner quality of a gentle and quiet spirit? (v. 4)
(7) In citing Sarah as an example of “holy women in the past”:
- What do the "right" things refer to?
- How does “fear” figure into the picture of wrong doing?
3:7—Admonition to Husbands
(8) Again, what does “the same way” refer to?
(9) Husbands are to live with their wives “according to knowledge” (original words for “be considerate”):
(10) If husbands do not live with their wives “according to knowledge”
3:8-12—Admonition to All
(11) Peter points out that it is God’s desire that we may inherit a blessing.
(12) In elaborating the admonition to “turn from evil and do good” (v. 11), Peter gives us a checklist in vv. 8-9
(13) What is the main message to you today and how may you apply it to your life?
“Husbands, in the same way be considerate as you live with your wives, and treat them with respect as the weaker partner and as heirs with you of the gracious gift of life, so that nothing will hinder your prayers.”(1 Pet. 3:7)
In instructing husbands to treat their wives with understanding and respect, Peter prefaces his words by saying, “in the same way” which likely refers to “for the sake of the Lord” (2:13).
In a marital relationship, there are times that we will find it difficult or even impossible to love, but the command that we do so “for the sake of the Lord” (not to mention the thought of the sacrificial example of our Lord Jesus) will give us the strength to love (2:21ff).
However, Peter also points out one other important truth, and that is the “oneness” of a married couple by reminding us that as we have become one flesh in marriage (Gen. 2:24), we are forever partners and heirs of the gracious gift of life (3:7). In other words, if we wish to continue to receive grace pertaining to our lives before God, we have to receive it as inseparable partners. If we emotionally or physically cut our spouse off from us, we are unable to receive anything we pray for from the Lord.
As we all know, prayers are the vital channel through which we maintain our relationship with the Lord and to praise, to give thanks and to petition our needs and those of others to Him. If we fail to love and respect our spouse, this vital channel will be hindered!
Did you find your prayers hindered of late?
3:13-16—Suffering for Doing Good
(1) Is Peter’s rhetorical question valid in v. 13? Why or why not?
(2) Why is suffering for doing good blessed? (v. 17)
(3) When we suffer for doing good:
- What our answer is about?
- What attitude should we have in answering?
- Why?
3:17-22—Following Christ’s Example
(4) What has Christ’s suffering accomplished for us (v. 18)?
(5) What has He done that we could not have done for ourselves?
(6) Was His death final?
(7) While His proclamation to the “imprisoned spirts” of Noah’s time is a mystery to us (vv. 19-20; see note below):
(8) What has the resurrection of our Lord led to?
(9) How does this signify “it is better to suffer for doing good than doing evil" ? (v. 17)
(10) Why does Peter qualify this statement with “if it is God’s will”? (v. 17)
(11) What is the main message to you today and how may you apply it to your life?
Note:
It is important to note that Peter does not say that
Therefore the interpretation that is in line with the overall teachings of the Scriptures appears to be that the Spirit of Christ was behind the preaching of Noah to his generation, just as Paul says Christ was with the Israelites in their wilderness (1 Cor. 10:1-4).
“Always be prepared to give an answer to everyone who asks you to give the reason for the hope that you have. But do this with gentleness and respect” (1 Pet. 3:15).
1 Peter 3:15 is a verse that most of us know very well in which we are told to be prepared to given an answer to explain our hope in Christ. However, several things are worth noting:
4:1-6—Suffering for Christ’s Sake [continued]
(1) What was Christ’s attitude towards suffering that we should follow? (2:21ff)
(2) Why does Peter tell us to “arm yourselves”?
(3) Why would “whoever suffers in the body is done with sin”?
(4) What manifestation is there in the lives of those who have suffered? (v. 2)
(5) Is this your experience?
(6) Does the list of vices describe your former life or that of the non-believers around you? (v. 3)
(7) Did you ever have the experience described in v. 4?
(8) Given what is said in v. 5, what should our attitude be towards those who heap abuse on us? (Note: the “now dead” should be referring to believers “now dead”)
4:7-11—We Live in the End-time
(9) If the end was near then, how near is it now, given the signs told by Jesus? (see Matt. 24:7-8)
(10) What is meant by "be alert and sober", given the End-time is near? (v. 7)
(11) What has this to do with the ability to pray? (v. 7)
(12) Practical instructions concerning how to live among believers (vv. 8-11)
a. Love one another deeply (v. 8)
- Why does Peter repeat this instruction here again? (see 1:22)
- Whose sins is he talking about?
b. How may we apply this admonition about hospitality today? (v. 9)
c. Using our gifts (vv. 10-11)
- What are gifts for? (v. 10)
- How should we use them? (v. 10 and v. 11)
d. What is his admonition to those who speak (i.e. preach)?
- What is Peter’s emphasis here? (v. 11)
e. What is the ultimate goal of all of the above? (v. 11b)
(13) What is the main message to you today and how may you apply it to your life?
“Therefore, since Christ suffered in His body, arm yourselves also with the same attitude, because whoever suffers in the body is done with sin.” (1 Pet. 4:1)
I find that suffering is often a turning point in one’s life. However, it could be a turn for the worse or a turn for the better, even for Christians.
I find that some Christians face their suffering with fear, anger, numbness and depression which eventually push them farther and farther away from God.
However, others would experience the truth in these words of Peter, “whoever suffers in the body is done with sin” (4:1). It does not mean that we will sin no more; it does mean that because of suffering:
- We are often reminded of human frailty and brevity of life, so that we learn not to value earthly gains or losses as much;- Although our suffering may not necessarily be a direct result of some specific sin of ours, it does help us to feel our sinfulness more deeply like Job (Job 42:6);
- The experience of suffering also dampens, if not put a stop to our desire for sensual pleasures and vain conceit; and
- More often than not, it arouses our desire for the soon return of our Lord.
And of course, for those who allow suffering to be a turn for the better, they would not only allow it to deepen their understanding of the suffering of Christ for them, but also deepen their love for Him.